Basic Examples (6) 

Plot the first few iterations of applying the generators of the modular group with alternating black and white colors:

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The polygons of the first two orders of the tessellations:

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The bounding circles of the first orders:

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Show the fundamental domain and the boundary circles of the first order modular transformations:

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The mapped fundamental polygons of the upper half-plane conformally mapped into the unit disk:

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The polygons of the first eight orders of mapping the fundamental domain:

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Scope (9) 

Use the keys of the association to add tooltip labels to the mapped fundamental domain polygons:

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Explicit exact form of the circles and lines bounding the curvilinear triangles of order 3:

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Plot the bounding circles of curvilinear triangles:

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The bounding circles of the first few orders of curvilinear triangle (the blue circles are overlaid over the polygons):

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The curvilinear triangles and vertical stripes as Boolean regions:

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Discretize one of the regions:

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The curvilinear triangles and vertical stripes as implicit regions:

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Discretize one of the regions:

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Compute the area of one of these regions exactly:

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Compute the perimeter of the map of the fundamental domain under :

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The modular transformations of the first few orders:

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Show curvilinear triangles from a range of orders (here from 6 to 12):

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Options (4) 

By default, the translations of the fundamental domains extending to are included:

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Do not include the vertical stripe polygons:

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Include the vertical stripe polygons, but cut them at :

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Vary the number of points along the boundary segments of the fundamental domain and its mappings:

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Applications (7) 

Calculate the areas of the curvilinear triangles of order 5 (the vertical stripes generated by have infinite area):

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Compute the eigenvalues of the Laplacian (with appropriate metric factor 1/y²) for the map of the fundamental domain under the modular transformation :

The region the eigenvalue problem is to be solved in:

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Plot the values of the first 50 eigenvalues:

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Plot the eigenfunctions of the first six eigenfunctions:

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A contour plot of a higher eigenstate:

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Compare the shape of the curvilinear triangles. To compare triangles of different size, rescale all triangles to have the same horizontal extension:

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Show all triangles of the order 16:

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The radii distribution of the circles of the first 18 orders:

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Plot the sum of the radii of the first 16 orders of circles:

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Add the local heights of the order 10 circles:

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The size of the triangles varies substantially within a given order. Plot a histogram of all finite order 16 triangles:

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Plot a histogram of the distribution of the perimeter-to-area values for the order 14 triangles:

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Properties and Relations (7) 

The Klein invariant takes on every complex value within each of the mapped fundamental domains. Plot the Klein invariant over one of the triangles:

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The Klein invariant obeys J(z)=J(f(z)) for any modular transform f. Check this for the first three orders to 50 digits:

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Use the Fourier series of the Klein invariant to visualize the mapping from a fundamental triangle to the complex plane:

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Use an arctan transformation to map the infinite plane into a finite square:

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A given modular transform can be represented in multiple ways. Here are all possibilities with up to three generator applications (for easier readability we abbreviate the pure functions of the generators):

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Show the network of modular transforms by connecting transforms that arise from applying a generator:

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Plot the circle radii for the first 16 orders on a logarithmic scale (each order adds two circles of radius 1 and near the origin more and more small circles are generated):

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Place the circles in 3D with smaller circles placed in front of larger ones:

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Plot Ford circles (arising from the Farey sequence) together with the circles from the modular tessellation:

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Possible Issues (3) 

The number of modular transformations increases quickly with the order. This means graphics of order ≃20 will take longer to compute and render:

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The polygons are approximate; this means making their boundaries near the x-axis visible by using logarithmic scaling shows numerical artifacts:

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Boolean regions, implicit regions and bounding circles are only supported for the upper half-plane, not for the unit circle–mapped triangles:

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Neat Examples (7) 

A symmetrized version of the modular tessellation:

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Color each order of triangles differently:

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Convert each triangle into a 3D plot with the height depending on the distance to the polygon boundary:

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Conformally map the triangles of the unit disk into a triangle:

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Interactively change the parameters of the most general map from the upper half-plane to the unit disk:

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Map an interactively movable point from the fundamental domain into other triangles and connect nearest points by lines:

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Extract the circles of order 12 and locally add their radii:

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Associate a frequency proportional to the circle's curvatures and play the resulting sound:

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